Choose the correct answer.
1. The structural and functional unit of human kidney is called [ ]
- Neuron
- Nephron
- Nephridia
- Flame cell
Answer: B
2. The excretory organ in cockroach [ ]
- Malpighian tubules
- Raphids
- Ureters
- Nephridia
Answer: A
3. Which of the following is the correct path taken by urine in our body? [ ]
- Kidney, urethra, ureters, bladder
- Kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra
- Kidney, bladder, ureters, urethra
- Kidney, urethra, bladder, ureters
Answer: C
4. Malpighian tubes are excretory organs in [ ]
- Earthworm
- Housefly
- Flatworm
- Hen
Answer: B
5. Major component of urine is [ ]
- Urea
- Sodium
- Water
- Creatine
Answer:C
6. Special excretory organs are absent in [ ]
- Birds
- Amoeba
- Sponges
- A and B
Answer: B
7. Which of the following hormones has direct impact on urination? [ ]
- Adrenal
- Vasopressin
- Testosterone
- Estrogen
Answer: B
8. Amber colour to urine due to [ ]
- Urochrome
- Bilirubin
- Biliverdin
- Chlorides
Answer: A
9. Sequence of urine formation in the nephron is [ ]
- Glomerular filtration ? Tubular reabsorption ? Tubular secretion
- Tubular reabsorption ? Tubular secretion ? Glomerular filtration
- Tubular secretion ? Glomerular filtration ? Tubular reabsorption
- Tubular reabsorption ? Concentration of urine ? Tubular secretion
Answer: A
10. Part of the nephron that exists in outer zone of kidney [ ]?
- Loop of the Henle
- PCT
- DCT
- Bowmans capsule
Answer: D
11. After having lunch or dinner one can feel to pass urine, because of [ ]
- Stomach pressures on bladder
- Solids become liquids
- Water content in food material
- Sphincter relaxation
Answer: D
10th Class Biology 4th Lesson Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System InText Questions and Answers
10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 75
Question 1.What products would the organism be able to take up for other activities?
Answer:
Oxygen produced in the photosynthesis process is used by all the living organisms on the earth for breathing. Without oxygen life would not be possible on the earth. No organism can survive.
Carbon dioxide produced in respiration will be taken up by plants to prepare food materials, in the process of photosynthesis. Plants are called autotrophs because they produce food for ail the animals and human beings directly or indirectly
Question 2.What are the products would cause harm to the body, if they are not removed?
Answer:
Nitrogenous compounds like ammonia, urea, uric acid, bile pigments, excess salts are toxic to the body. So they should be removed
Question 3.What happens if harmful products are not removed from our body every day?
Answer:
If harmful products are not removed from our body they get accumulated in the body and becomes toxic. This leads to the death of the person
Question 4.What are the substances present in blood?
Answer:
The substances present in blood are Glucose, Sodium, Potassium, Chlorides, Urea, Creatinine, Uric acid, Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Calcium Phosphorous, Bilirubin, Proteins, Albumin
Question 5.What are the substances present in urine?
Answer:
Protein, Creatinine, Calcium, Phosphorous, Uric acid, Sodium, Potassium are the sub-stances present in urine
Question 6.What are the substances present both in blood and urine?
Answer:
Sodium, Potassium, Chlorides, Urea, Uric acid, Calcium, Phosphorous are the sub¬stances present in blood and urine in common
Question 7.Which substances are present above the normal limits both in the blood and urine?
Answer:
Urea, Uric acid, Cholesterol, Calcium, Creatinine are present above the normal limits both in the blood and urine
Question 8.What do you think reading above normal limits indicates?
Answer:
If any material is above the normal limits, it causes health problem which leads to a disease and damage of the organs
10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 77
Question 9.What are the materials needed to be removed from our body?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide, water and nitrogenous compounds such as ammonia, urea and uric acid are the waste materials needed to be removed from our body
Question 10.From where are these materials removed?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide is eliminated through lungs while small amounts of water is eliminated through body surface (sweating) and through lungs during respiration. An excretory organ system is present for excreting the nitrogenous wastes along with salts, excess water
Question 11.What are the organs that separate excretory materials?
Answer:
Flame cells in flat worms, Nephridia in Annelids, Malphigian tubules in Arthropods, kidneys in all vertebrates are the excretory organs that separate excretory materials and eliminate them
Question 12.Why do you think the body must remove waste substances?
Answer:
For the smooth functioning of the body the body should be healthy. Waste materials are the toxic substances, which are harmful to the body. So they should be eliminated.
If they remain in the body, it leads to the unhealthy conditions to the organisms
10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 79
Question 13.Think why the diameter of the efferent arteriole is less than that of afferent arteriole?
Answer:
The diameter of the efferent arteriole is less than afferent arteriole so as to create pressure in the glomerulus to filter the waste materials. Due to this, blood remains in glomerulus more time
Question 14.Why the nephron is considered to be the structural and functional unit of the kidney?
Answer:
- The kidney is made up of more than one million nephrons
- Hence it is called as the structural unit of the kidney
- Filtration of blood to remove nitrogenous substances occur in nephron
- So it is called as functional unit of the kidney
10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 80
Question 15.Which arteriole has more diameter, afferent or efferent?
Answer:
Afferent arteriole has more diameter than efferent arteriole
Question 16.What are the substances that are filtered into the glomerular capsule?
Answer:
The substances that are filtered into the glomerular capsule are waste molecules, nutrient molecules and water
Question 17.If you drink more water, will you pass more urine?
Answer:
Yes. If we drink more water, we will pass more urine
Question 18.What are the substances reabsorbed into peritubular network from Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)?
Answer:
Glucose, Amino acids, Vitamin - C, Potassium, Calcium, Sodium chlorides and 75% of water are the substances reabsorbed into peritubular network from proximal convoluted tubule
Question 19.What are the substances that secretes into Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)?
Answer:
The substances that secretes into Distal Convoluted Tubule are extra salts, ions of K Na+, C/" and H+ ions
10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 81
Question 20.Why more urine is produced in winter?
Answer:
- Due to the cold condition, our body does not lose the water in the form of sweat
- In the same condition, blood flow to our internal organs is increased, to keep our organs warm
- The increase in the blood flow to the kidneys causes more blood to be filtered
- These two causes more urine is produced in winter
Question 21.What happens if reabsorption of water does not take place?
Answer:
If reabsorption of water does not take place
- water levels decreases in the body and leads to malfunctioning of metabolism
- osmoregulation of body fluids will be disturbed
- circulation of blood does not take place due to increase in its concentration
- the useful substances like nutrients, salts, hormones, vitamins are not absorbed they excrete out
10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 83
Question 22.What happens if both kidneys fail completely?
Answer:
- Complete and irreversible kidney failure is called End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)
- If kidneys stops working completely, our body is filled with extra water and waste products
- This condition is called UREMIA
- Our hands or feet may swell. We may feel tired and weak because our body needs clean blood to function properly
- The solution to this problem is either dialysis or kidney transplantation
10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 84
Question 23.Is there any long term solution for kidney failure patients?
Answer:
The best long term solution for kidney failure is kidney transplantation. A functioning kidney which is a good match to the body is used in transplantation from a donor preferably a closed relative
Question 24.Where is the transplanted kidney fixed in the body of a kidney failure patient?
Answer:
Kidney transplantation involves placing a healthy kidney into the body where it can perform all of the functions that a failing kidney cannot. The new kidney is placed on the lower right or left side of the abdomen where it is surgically connected to nearby blood vessels.
Placing the kidney in this position allows it to be easily connected to blood vessels and the bladder. The vein and the artery of the new kidney are attached to the bodys vein and artery. The new kidneys ureter is attached to the bodys bladder to allow urine to pass out of the body.
Question 25.What about the failed kidneys?
Answer:
- In most cases the old kidneys will not be removed
- This is because even failed kidneys release chemicals that help the body work
- However if those kidneys have a disease that cause on going problems such as persistent kidney infections or intestinal blockage, then the transplantion would be considered removing the old kidney
- The two most common medical conditions requiring "native nephrectomy" or "congenital reflux" disease and polycystic disease
Question 26.Can donor survive his / her life with single kidney without any complications?
Answer:
- There are some risks
- There is a chance of affecting his/her life spn or life style is extremely low with surgery and anaesthesia
- The risk of minor complications like wound infection because the kidney donar operation is a major surgical procedure
- Donar feels less energy and need about 4 to 6 weeks to return to their activities
Question 27.hat are the other excretory organs of human body?
Answer:
Lungs, Skin, Liver are the other excretory organs of human body.
10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 85
Question 28.Collect information on sebum and prepare a news bulletin, display it on bulletin
Answer:
- Sebum is a complex mixture of naturally produced fats, oils, waxes, cholesterol etc
- It is secreted by SEBACEOUS glands present in the DERMIS of skin
- The fat and OMS present in the sebum do not originate directly from the fats and oils consumed in the diet
- SEBUM is manufactured and stored by the sebaceous glands under the direction of biological process
- Sebaceous glands are found in great number on the face, scalp and on all parts of the skin
- The function of sebum : it prevent the skin from becoming dry
Question 29.People in cold countries get very less/no sweat. What changes occur in their skin and in other excretory organs?
Answer:
- Regulation of body temperature is one of the functions of skin
- To maintain the body temperature, skin produces sweat
- In cold countries environment is very cool. So there is no production of sweat
- In these conditions there will be more pressure on other excretory organs
10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 86
Question 30.Do plants excrete like animals?
Answer:
- Plants do not have specific organs to excrete the waste materials which are formed during metabolism
- As in animals carbon dioxide, water, ammonia and other nitrogenous wastes are also formed in plants
- In plants, carbon dioxide released during respiration is sent out through stomata of leaves
- Plants discharge the excess water in the form of water vapour during transpiration by leaves. Due to this, the heat in the plants is reduced
- In germinating seeds carbon dioxide formed during respiration is released into atmosphere
- Plants have the capacity to utilise the by- products of one metabolic activity as the raw materials for another metabolic activity
- For example, oxygen released during photosynthesis is utilised for respiration; carbon dioxide released during respiration is utilised for photosynthesis. Plants convert nitrogen and ammonia into nitrates
Question 31.How do plants manage or send out waste products from its body?
Answer:
- Plants can get rid of excess water by a process like transpiration and guttation. Waste products may be stored in leaves, bark and fruits
- When these dead leaves, bark, and ripen fruits fall off from the trees, then waste products in them are got rid off
- In some plants, waste gets stored in the fruits in the form of solid bodies called Raphides. Example : Yam (pendalam)
- Several compounds are synthesized by the plants for their own use specially for defense
- Several plants prepare chemicals and store them in shoots, leaves, seeds for protection against herbivores
- Most of the chemicals are unpleasant to taste and hence herbivores do not prefer to eat such plants. Some of the chemicals are toxic and may even kill the animal that eats them
- Some of the plants release attractants for other organisms which will help the plants for pollination. For example, plants having root nodules secrete chemicals to attract rhizobia into the surroundings of the roots and form a symbiotic relationship with the rhizobium
10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 87
Question 32.Why do plants shed their leaves and bark periodically?
Answer:
- In summer season, transpiration rate is very high in plants
- To reduce the transpiration rate plants shed their leaves
- And some waste materials are also stored in leaves and removed by shedding of leaves
- Bark is the outer zone of plants, which contain phloem to transport food materials
- In the growing period cambium produces bark tissue. When new bark tissue is produced, the old bark is removed
- In this process the old and dead cells filled with waste materials are also removed
Question 33.Name the alkaloids which are harmful to us
Answer:
The harmful alkaloids are :
- Nicotine is harmful. It causes cancer to lung, throat, tongue and affects the nervous system
- Morphine which is used as a pain killer, may effect kidneys if they are used more
- Cocaine, scopolamine (Datura) etc are the alkaloids which are harmful to us
- Nitrogenous substances are also found in the walls of pollen grain, if they enter our body. Ex : they cause allergy
10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 89
Question 34.Do roots secrete?
Answer:
Yes, roots also can secrete a portion of their peculiar secretions back into the soil
Question 35.Do you think is there any relation between reduction in yielding and root secretions?
Answer:
- Yes, there is a relation between reduction in yielding and root secretions
- For example plants like apple where a single apple crop is yielded for 4 or 5 years continuously in the same soil, it fails to produce fruits
- It will not give proper yield even if you use lot of fertilizers
Question 36.Why do we get peculiar smell when you shift the potted plants?
Answer:
- Some peculiar secretions are secreted and sent out from roots into soil
- When we shift the potted plant we get peculiar smell due to the chemical reaction of the secretion in the soil to make it fertile
Think and Discuss
10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 82
Question 1.Do cells need excretion?
Answer:
Yes, the cells need excretion to keep all the body organs healthy
Question 2.Why are we advised to take sufficient water ?
Answer:
We are advised to take sufficient water because filtration of waste products becomes easy and there is a free flow of urine including salts, And also body temperature will be maintained
Question 3.Why do some children pass urine during sleep at night until 15 or 16 years of age?
Answer:
Children pass urine during sleep at night because one or more of the following reasons
- The childs urinary bladder is maturing more slowly than usual. The capacity of the bladder may be reduced
- The risk of child passing urine in night time is due to the hereditory factor that one or both parents wet the bed as children
- Some children wet the bed because they do not make enough levels of vasopressin which reduces the urine production
- Physical or emotional problems may cause bed wetting
- A stressful situation can trigger bed wetting include moving to a new house, changing schools, the death of a loved one or being sexually given bad effect
10th Class Biology Textbook Page No. 84
Question 4.Why are weeds and wild plants not affected by insects and pests? (OR)
Ravi went to his cotton field. There he observed some of the cotton leaves were affected by insects. He also observed that weeds in between are not affected. Give reasons?
Answer:
Some plants like weeds and wild plants prepare chemicals which are unpleasant to taste and some chemicals are toxic and may even kill. So insects and pests do not touch them
10th Class Biology 4th Lesson Excretion - The Wastage Disposing System Activities
Activity - 1
How do you study the external and internal features of kidney ? (OR)
Explain the procedure and observations of the experiment conducted to observe internal structure of the kidney
Answer:
Aim: Studying the external and internal features of a kidney.
Materials required: Freshly collected specimen of sheep/goats kidney from the butcher or 3D model of a kidney sharp blade/ scalpel, tray and a jug of water
Procedure for observation:
- Wash the kidney so that blood is completely drained from it.
-
- Put the kidney in the tray and observe it carefully
- Note down the observation in the notebook
- With the help of sharp blade take the longitudinal section of the kidney and observe internal structure
- Draw what you have observed and compare it with the figure given
- After observing the L.S. of kidney answer the following questions given under
What is the shape of kidneys?
Answer:
The shape of kidneys is bean shape
What is the colour of kidney ?
Answer:
Colour of kidney is reddish brown
Do you find any attachments on upper portion of kidney?
Answer:
Yes. Adrenal glands are attached to kidneys on upper portion
Is the internal structures similar to fig - 2?
Answer:
Yes. It is similar to internal structure of fig - 2
What is the colour of the outer part in L.S. of kidney?
Answer:
The colour of the outer part of the kidney is Dark
In L.S. of kidney where do you find dark brown colour portion?
Answer:
Dark colour portion is found on the outer zone of kidney
How many tubes are coming out from kidney fissure ?
Answer:
Two tubes are coming from kidney